Antigen : An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response, causing the body to produce antibodies. Antigens can be:

SPONSOR BY: 

 "This Content Sponsored by Genreviews.Online

Genreviews.online is One of the Review Portal Site

Website Link: https://genreviews.online/

Sponsor Content: #genreviews.online, #genreviews, #productreviews, #bestreviews, #reviewportal"

1. Antigen Antibody Adjuvation (or) Conjugation:

Each antigen is capable of binding only to the antibody produced by it. This is called antigen-antibody binding (a) attachment. This can be demonstrated in the human body in the laboratory. These antigen-antibody combinations are divided into three types depending on the nature of the antigen.

1.Agglutination:

In this type of combination only sessile antigen should be used. Bungel Antigen etc. can be used for this. Germs like cholera can be found in this mixture

2. Precipitation :

Soluble antigen plays an important role in this process. VORILL

3. Compliment Fixation:

It is an antigen antibody attachment method. Salibul antigen and chelic antigen are involved. This test requires not only an antigen-antibody but also a type of protein that binds them together, which is naturally found in the blood of the human body.

You can do this method with all kinds of microorganisms.

Let's break down each concept:

Antigen:

An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response, causing the body to produce antibodies. Antigens can be:

- Proteins

- Polysaccharides

- Lipids

- Nucleic acids

Antigens can be further classified into:

- Exogenous antigens: Come from outside the body (e.g., bacteria, viruses)

- Endogenous antigens: Originate from within the body (e.g., cancer cells, self-proteins)

Antibody:

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a protein produced by the immune system in response to an antigen. Antibodies:

- Recognize and bind to specific antigens

- Neutralize or remove pathogens from the body

- Provide long-term immunity against future infections

There are five classes of antibodies:

- IgA

- IgD

- IgE

- IgG

- IgM

Adjuvant

An adjuvant is a substance added to a vaccine or immunotherapy to:

- Enhance the immune response

- Increase the effectiveness of the vaccine

- Reduce the amount of antigen required

Adjuvants work by:

- Stimulating immune cells

- Increasing antigen presentation

- Inducing cytokine production

Common adjuvants include:

- Aluminum salts (e.g., aluminum hydroxide)

- Oil-in-water emulsions (e.g., MF59)

- Squalene

- Toll-like receptor agonists (e.g., MPL)

Would you like me to elaborate on any of these concepts?

2. Immunity:

Resistance against infectious diseases called immunity can be divided into two types. Natural Immunity (Natural Immunity) (21. Acquired Immunity).

Natural Immunity:

When microbes enter the body, certain parts of the body naturally react and fight against the microbes. This is known as natural immunity which occurs by acquiring certain diseases (meals) such as measles which usually lasts till the end of life. These can be mainly divided into four categories. Garu 

(1).Racial Immunity

(2). Patic Species Immunity

(3) Individual immunity

(4).The body's defenses are made by the cells of the tissues

1.Radical Immunity:

Certain species may be susceptible or immune to certain diseases. For example, Hebrews are more resistant to tuberculosis than other people.

2.Species Immunity:

Some strains of animals have been shown to be protective against certain diseases. E.g. (Measles) While humans are susceptible to measles or typhoid fever, small animals are not affected by them. Tuberculosis bacilli infect humans and animals, but birds are not contagious.

3.Individual Immunity :

Some people are naturally resistant or immune to certain diseases. This is called individual immunity

Acquired Immunity:

Through contact with pathogens during one's lifetime, the body acquires the ability to resist the respective diseases. This is called acquired immunity to the immunity produced by the contacts (eg) artificial immunity occurs following vaccination such as the polio vaccine.

Acquired immunity can be natural or artificial.

(i)Acquired  Passive  Immunity:

The embryo receives the antibodies from the mother through the maternal connective tissue. And immunity against certain diseases is acquired by drinking mother's milk

(ii)Acquired artificial immunity

Immunity obtained artificially by injecting toxin (active) and serum (inactive) into the body is called artificial immunity.

Immunity refers to the body's ability to defend itself against pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other foreign substances. There are several types of immunity:

Types of Immunity:

1. Innate Immunity: The body's first line of defense, which includes physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), cellular responses (phagocytosis), and protein-based responses (complement system).

2. Adaptive Immunity: A specific response to a pathogen, which involves the activation of immune cells (T cells, B cells) and the production of antibodies.

3. Active Immunity: Immunity developed through direct exposure to a pathogen, either through infection or immunization.

4. Passive Immunity: Immunity acquired through indirect means, such as mother-to-child transmission during breastfeeding or administration of antibodies.

Components of the Immune System:

1. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): T cells, B cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

2. Lymphoid Organs: Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and lymphoid tissues.

3. Immune Molecules: Antibodies, cytokines, chemokines, and complement proteins.

Functions of the Immune System:

1. Recognition: Identifying pathogens and distinguishing them from self-cells.

2. Activation: Triggering an immune response through the activation of immune cells.

3. Elimination: Removing pathogens from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis and antibody-mediated neutralization.

4. Memory: Retaining a "memory" of specific pathogens to enable a more rapid and effective response upon future exposure.

Disorders of the Immune System:

1. Immunodeficiency: Weakened immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections.

2. Autoimmunity: The immune system mistakenly attacks self-cells, leading to conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

3. Allergy: Overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances, resulting in allergic reactions.

4. Immunosuppression: Suppression of the immune system, often due to medication or illness.

Would you like me to expand on any of these topics or explore other aspects of immunity?