VACCINE : A vaccine is a drug made from a microorganism or a nuclear microorganism called a virus

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 VACCINE :

A vaccine is a drug made from a microorganism or a nuclear microorganism called a virus. These are capable of producing antibodies that protect the body. By injecting these into the body, the body produces antibodies that surround the body's parts, and any time the pathogens enter the body for that antibody, they are destroyed by them. Therefore, vaccination is used to protect people in an endemic area before disease occurs. This vaccine belongs to the category of "artificial direct immunity". These vaccines can be mainly divided into two types.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. Here are some key aspects of vaccines:

Types of Vaccines :

1. Inactivated Vaccines: Contain killed or inactivated pathogens, e.g., flu vaccine.

2. Live, Attenuated Vaccines: Contain weakened or attenuated pathogens, e.g., MMR vaccine.

3. Conjugate Vaccines: Combine a weakened pathogen with a carrier protein, e.g., pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

4. Subunit Vaccines: Contain only specific components of a pathogen, e.g., Hib vaccine.

5. mRNA Vaccines: Use a piece of genetic material called messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce a specific protein, e.g., COVID-19 vaccines.

How Vaccines Work :

1. Introduction of Antigen: A vaccine introduces a small, harmless piece of a pathogen (antigen) to the body.

2. Recognition by Immune System: The immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and mounts an immune response.

3. Production of Antibodies: The immune system produces antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and bind to specific pathogens.

4. Memory Cell Formation: The immune system also forms memory cells, which remember specific pathogens and can mount a rapid response if exposed again.

Vaccine Development :

1. Research and Development: Scientists research and develop new vaccines using various techniques, such as recombinant DNA technology.

2. Preclinical Trials: Vaccines are tested in laboratory and animal studies to assess safety and efficacy.

3. Clinical Trials: Vaccines are tested in human clinical trials to assess safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity.

4. Regulatory Approval: Vaccines are approved by regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, before they can be used in the general population.

Vaccine Benefits :

1. Prevention of Infectious Diseases: Vaccines prevent infectious diseases, reducing morbidity and mortality.

2. Herd Immunity: Vaccines help prevent the spread of diseases in communities, protecting vulnerable individuals.

3. Reduced Disease Transmission: Vaccines reduce disease transmission, protecting individuals and communities.

4. Economic Benefits: Vaccines can reduce healthcare costs and lost productivity due to illness.

 Here are some key aspects of vaccines:

1) Live attenuated vaccine

2). Killed Vaccine 

(1) Live Attenuated vaccine:

In this way they only reduce the virulence of the microorganism. But these microbes are alive. The leaves are protective without harming the body. Microorganisms lose their virulence by growing in layers of cultured tissue. (Um) BCG vaccine is used to prevent tuberculosis.

Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are a type of vaccine that contains a weakened or attenuated form of a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria. Here are some key aspects of live attenuated vaccines:

Types of Live Attenuated Vaccines :

1. Viral LAVs: Contain a weakened or attenuated virus, e.g., MMR vaccine, varicella vaccine.

2. Bacterial LAVs: Contain a weakened or attenuated bacteria, e.g., BCG vaccine for tuberculosis.

How Live Attenuated Vaccines Work :

1. Introduction of Attenuated Pathogen: A live attenuated vaccine introduces a weakened or attenuated pathogen to the body.

2. Limited Replication: The attenuated pathogen replicates in the body, but its growth is limited due to its weakened state.

3. Immune Response: The immune system recognizes the attenuated pathogen and mounts an immune response, producing antibodies and immune cells.

4. Long-Term Immunity: Live attenuated vaccines can provide long-term immunity, as the attenuated pathogen can persist in the body for an extended period.

Advantages of Live Attenuated Vaccines :

1. Strong Immune Response: Live attenuated vaccines can stimulate a strong immune response, providing long-term immunity.

2. Mucosal Immunity: Live attenuated vaccines can provide mucosal immunity, protecting against infections at the site of entry.

3. Easy to Administer: Live attenuated vaccines are often easy to administer, as they can be given orally or through a simple injection.

Disadvantages of Live Attenuated Vaccines :

1. Risk of Reversion: There is a small risk that the attenuated pathogen could revert to its virulent form, causing disease.

2. Risk of Transmission: Live attenuated vaccines can be transmitted to others, potentially causing disease in immunocompromised individuals.

3. Contraindications: Live attenuated vaccines may be contraindicated in certain individuals, such as those with weakened immune systems.

Examples of Live Attenuated Vaccines :

1. MMR vaccine: Protects against measles, mumps, and rubella.

2. Varicella vaccine: Protects against chickenpox.

3. BCG vaccine: Protects against tuberculosis.

4. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV): Protects against polio.

5. Rotavirus vaccine: Protects against rotavirus gastroenteritis.

2. Killed Vaccine:

Such a vaccine is prepared by growing the disease-causing microbes and heating them at 100 degrees Celsius or by adding chemical substances to keep only the antigenic nature of the microbes unchanged. The required antibody can be obtained by injecting the destroyed microbes in specific proportions into the body. Um Cholera Antidote It is a heat-based anti-cholera antidote which is prepared by mixing a chemical called formalin.

Killed vaccines, also known as inactivated vaccines, are a type of vaccine that contains a killed or inactivated form of a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria. Here are some key aspects of killed vaccines:

Types of Killed Vaccines :

1. Inactivated whole virus vaccines: Contain a killed or inactivated whole virus, e.g., flu vaccine.

2. Inactivated whole bacteria vaccines: Contain a killed or inactivated whole bacteria, e.g., pertussis vaccine.

3. Subunit vaccines: Contain only specific components of a pathogen, e.g., Hib vaccine.

How Killed Vaccines Work :

1. Introduction of Killed Pathogen: A killed vaccine introduces a killed or inactivated pathogen to the body.

2. Recognition by Immune System: The immune system recognizes the killed pathogen and mounts an immune response.

3. Production of Antibodies: The immune system produces antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and bind to specific pathogens.

Advantages of Killed Vaccines :

1. Safety: Killed vaccines are generally considered safe, as they cannot cause the disease they are intended to prevent.

2. Stability: Killed vaccines are often more stable than live vaccines, making them easier to store and transport.

3. Ease of Production: Killed vaccines can be produced using a variety of methods, making them relatively easy to manufacture.

Disadvantages of Killed Vaccines :

1. Limited Immune Response: Killed vaccines may not stimulate as strong of an immune response as live vaccines.

2. Boosters Required: Killed vaccines may require booster shots to maintain immunity.

3. Less Effective: Killed vaccines may be less effective than live vaccines in certain situations.

Examples of Killed Vaccines :

1. Flu vaccine: Protects against influenza.

2. Pertussis vaccine: Protects against pertussis (whooping cough).

3. Hib vaccine: Protects against Haemophilus influenzae type b.

4. Hepatitis A vaccine: Protects against hepatitis A.

5. Rabies vaccine: Protects against rabies.

Essential steps to be taken before administering the vaccine :

11 Needles and equipment used for injecting prophylactic drugs should be sterilized using a sterile method.

2) Vaccination should not be given to people with skin diseases like scabies

3) Preventive injection should not be given in the body of a sick person or in the body of other fever and cold etc.