Disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces.

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1. Methods of Desinfection and Disinfection:

A disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of life. Disinfectants are generally distinguished from other antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics, which destroy microorganisms within the body, and antiseptics, which destroy microorganisms on living tissue. Disinfectants are also different from biocides the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not just microorganisms. Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering with their metabolism. It is also a form of decontamination, and can be defined as the process whereby physical or chemical methods are used to reduce the amount of pathogenic microorganisms on a surface

1.1. Modes of Operation (Mechanical):

⚜Wipe or rub

⚜ Filtering

⚜Precipitation

1.2 . Physical methods:

i). Humid heat

⚜Boiling

⚜Steam under pressure (vapor pressure)

⚜Steaming kills germs and then chilling

ii). Dry heat

⚜crossing

⚜Cremation

⚜Burning in the fire

⚜sunlight

iii). Low heat

1.3. Chemical methods -(chemical):

Uses of disinfectants such as phenol, lysol and others.

1.1. Modes of Operation (Mechanical):

(1). Wiping :

Rubbing is one of the most important methods to control and avoid nursing self-infection and cross-infection of the hands and neck. Washing hands with soap and water will remove bacteria

(2). Filtration :

Fluids are sterilized and cleaned by filtration in operating theatres. This filtration method can help filter out certain types of bacteria. It helps to purify the precipitation water. By this method, floating materials along with bacteria settle to the bottom of the liquid and become sediment.

1.2. Physical Method:

(1). Damp heat :

(A) .Boiling:

Except for some spore-bearing organisms such as Bacillus stetani, other microorganisms are killed in 3 to 5 minutes at 100°C. There are some rules to be observed while boiling. The organic matter that surrounds the organisms and protects them while they are frozen is removed by scrubbing the product. Keep items other than glassware in the water until it reaches boiling point. Great care should be taken when handling (glass) materials. Cover them with a cloth and then put them in cold water and then bring them to a boil. Materials should be well covered with water. and should be boiled for the required duration.

(b). Steam Under Pressure;

Organisms that harbor spores are killed by vapor pressure. An autoclave is a device used to sterilize items under steam pressure.

In this way, steam is admitted into a closed vessel, pressurized, thereby raising the temperature above the boiling point of water (121°C). This method requires the products to be sterilized and sterilized at 15 pounds of steam pressure and at reduced pressure for 15 to 20 minutes. Autoclave all types of drugs, gloves, syringes, glass tubes, instruments, and culture media used in radiation therapy.

(C). Pasteurization :

⚜Kill germs by boiling and then chilling

⚜Pasteurization is a method of cleaning and destroying germs in milk. The milk is raised to 60°C for half an hour and then rapidly cooled to 13°C.

⚜It helps in killing all the harmful organisms and reducing the acid producing organisms thereby preventing the milk from going sour.

(2) . Dry heat:

(A) Firing :

This method of disinfection involves disinfecting glassware, syringes, needles, pipettes and media.

Most of the bacterial bodies are killed in this. It takes about 1 to 2 hours for the spores to be destroyed. The equipment used for baking is known as hot air oven.

(B). Cremation:

In order to destroy all harmful organisms, infected wound dressings, medicines, sterile materials, garbage and other hospital waste should be cremated. This equipment used for complete burning is called incinerator.

(C). Igniting:

This method is used to clean and sterilize platinum loops, needles and other instruments in the laboratory. It is used to kill organisms.

(D). Sunlight:

Ultraviolet rays from sunlight have the power to kill large numbers of bacteria. Blankets, pillows, bedding are all sterilized by sunlight. Reversing these materials kills the microbes on both sides.

(3) Less heat:

Cold has the ability to slow or stop the growth of bacteria. Bacteria can be killed by repeated exposure.

1.3. Chemical Method :

Some chemicals are used to disinfect items such as thermometers, to disinfect floors, and to disinfect contaminated bed sheets.

(1).Basic principles to be considered :

(A). All materials contaminated with blood, feces, pus, mucus, or other materials should be rinsed in cold water to prevent protein material from coagulating.

(B). Tools should be washed using soap and water and a brush should be used whenever necessary.

(C). Adequate time should be allowed for decontamination of materials by physical or chemical agents.

(D). Choosing the right disinfectant, the right strength, at the right time is important.

(E). Appropriate procedures should be used to ensure that instruments and other items are safe for later use and to prevent the spread of infection.

(2). Chemicals Commonly Used:

(A), Detal :

This chemical is often used to disinfect and clean thermometers and instruments. It is non-toxic and non-irritating to the skin. A 5 to 50% solution is used in wound dressings, medications, and wound irrigation.

(B). Chawlan:

A 1:30 solvent solution is also used to degrade or kill bacteria.

(C), Bleaching powder :

It is used to disinfect drinking water, faeces, urine, phlegm etc. As it rapidly degrades when exposed to air, fresh solutions must be prepared for each use.

(D). 1:40 percent solution of formalin:

It is used to remove infectious germs from faeces, urine and mucus. It is an irritant and therefore should not be used on skin and tissues.

(E). Tincture of Iodine :

1-2 percent iodine helps to clean the skin and heal skin wounds.

(F). Hydrogen peroxide :

A 1-5 percent solution is used to clean wounds and remove pus from infected ears. Hydrogen peroxide is also used to clean the mouth. It is an oxidizing factor.

(G). Potassium Dermanlate :

It is an oxidizing agent at a strength of 1 1000 to help clean the mouth. It is also used as a wound dressing.

(H). Carbolic acid (phenol):

It acts as a good antiseptic for faeces, pus, blood and phlegm. It is a skin irritant. And it is a poison that dissolves easily in hot water. Thermometers require a 1:20 solution for a 10-minute period.

(I). Lysol:

It is a phenol or chlorosol product mixed with soap. It is more toxic than carbolic acid. But has high bactericidal activity. But has high bactericidal activity. A 2% solution is used for 6-8 hours to clear the infection.

(J), ethyl alcohol :

70% ethyl alcohol is effective in removing skin infections. Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are used to disinfect rooms.

3.Scientific Terminologies:

1. Pathogen:

Microorganisms capable of causing disease.

2. Communicable Disease:

If an infectious disease is spread directly from one person to another, it is known as a communicable disease or contagious disease.

3. Antiseptic:

It is a chemical that inhibits the growth of microorganisms without killing them.

4. Detergent:

The vacuum cleaner removes any film or waste material and increases the cleaning properties of the water.

5. Bacteriostatic:

This is a method of inhibiting the growth of bacteria. E.g. Freezing and drying.

6. Bacteriocidal :

It is a substance that kills microbes.

7. Sepsis:

This term is used when microbial organisms are found.

8. Inflammation :

When an injury or infection occurs, the body's cells react with inflammation. It is a defense mechanism of the body.

9. Antigen:

Usually the antagonists are all composed of proteins, residual products of microorganisms that induce a replicative effect of disease prevention.

10. Antibodies:

Antagonists are large protein source components. Antibodies are immunoglobulins. If an antagonist enters the body, it is synthesized and secreted by plasma cells to neutralize the antagonist. Immunoglobin types are igA, igD, IgE, igG and IgM. is Antibodies in the bloodstream in large quantities are IgG.

11. Sterilisation:

Disinfection Disinfection is the removal of all microorganisms from the surface or medium of an object during its growth or spore stage.

12. Chemotherapy:

It is a method of using chemicals (eg sulfonamides) to treat diseases. It works by inhibiting or destroying the growth of organisms.

13. Antibiotics:

These are drugs that can kill organisms. (eg) Penicillin

14. Specific body area infection (Local infection) :

It is an infection in a particular organ or a particular area and proper attention will prevent its spread.

15. Incubation period:

The incubation period is the period of time from when the infectious germs enter the body until the first symptoms of the disease appear.

(eg) Chicken pox.                     2-5 weeks

Common cold 1-2 days

Mumps.                                   18 days

16. Prodromal Stage:

The period of time between the onset of non-specific symptoms and the onset of more specific symptoms such as low-grade fever and fatigue is when the micro-organisms grow and multiply and the patient is in a position to spread the disease to others.

17. Illness stage:

The interval between the obvious signs and symptoms of a particular disease.

(Eg) Normal mucus (Congestion) - Sore throat sinuses.

Mumps – earache, sinusitis, inflammation of the pharynx and salivary glands.

18. Naso comial infection:

A hospital-acquired infection is an infection acquired by a patient through healthcare workers. Many nosocomial infections are transmitted by healthcare workers.

19. Infections caused by medicinal products (latrogenic infections):

It is a type of nosocomial infection. These occur when the disease is diagnosed or at the end of the course of medical treatment. Nosocomial infections, which are urinary tract infections caused by plugging of a draining rubber tube, can be either external or internal.