ANATOLOGY and PHYSIOLOGY: The study of the body's physical structures, including cells, tissues, and organs. The study of how the body's structures work together to maintain life,

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 1. Anatomy:

Each organ is specially designed to do its job. Each organ works together with other organs to perform tasks necessary for complete body movement. Anatomy is the scientific description of each organ.

2.Physiology:

The body is a perfectly organized, multi-tasking, living machine. There are different organs in the body for different functions of the body. Physiology explains how each organ functions, the chemical changes that occur during function, and how wastes are eliminated.

3. Anatomical Position:

Look at someone standing straight with their arms hanging down and palms facing forward. That appearance is the anatomical position. It can be seen that the body includes the head, neck, torso (middle body), long arms at the top and long legs at the bottom.

4. The terms and definitions used in body language are given below.

1. Superior                          -   top

2. Inferior                           -   under

3. Anterior                          -  the front

4. Posterior                         -   the rear

5. Medial                            -   near the midline

6. Lateral                            -   On the side

7. Proximal                        -   Near the head, near the source

8. Distal                             -   exterior

9. External                         -   to wear

10. Internal                        -   away from the head or point of origin

11. Superficial                  -   Upper body 

12. Deep                           -   inside the body.

The body has a nest of solid bones called the skeleton. The skeleton is covered with muscles and other thin tissues and covered with skin on the outside.

5. Body cavities and their contents:

The spaces between bony parts are called cavities. Among these

Important internal organs are protected.

1. Skull:

               It has a brain.

2. Chest:

(a) Lungs

(b)Airway which consists of trachea and bronchial tubes

(c) Esophagus- It is behind the trachea.

(d) Heart

(f) Large blood vessels

Abdominal cavity:

                            It is separated from the thoracic cavity by a cone-shaped muscle called the diaphragm. It includes-

                   (a) Stomach

                   (b) Small intestine

                   (c) Large Intestine 

                  (d) Liver

                  (e) Spleen

                  (f) Small kidneys

                  (g) Urinary ducts

                  (h) Pancreas

4. Pelvic Cavity:

(a) Reproductive organs

b) Bladder --  It lies in the pelvic cavity when empty and rises up to the abdominal cavity when full of urine.

(c) Rectum

6. : CELL:

All living things, including the human body, are made up of billions of living cells. Just as a building is made of bricks, the body is made up of basic units called cells. Just as many types of materials are used to build a large building, there are many types of cells in the human body.

6.1. Structure of a cell:

       A cell consists of following parts

                     1. Cell membrane (outer covering of the cell)

                     2. Protoplasm (responsible for cell functions)

                     3. Saturate (responsible for the actions of the cell)

6.2. Functions of cells

1. Digestion                     -   Digestion of nutrients in food

2. Waste disposal             -  Disposal of waste materials

3. Breathing                     -  Taking in and using oxygen and then releasing carbon dioxide

4. Some cells are motile   -  Some cells have special functions

5. Reproduction               -   By dividing a cell into two Bacterial dysentery

7. Tissues :

                   A certain type of cells together and the resulting objects are called tissues. There are many different types of cells.

7.1 Among tissues, four are important:

7.1.1 Epithelial tissue:

                                 Leva It consists of four outer skin, internal membranes and glands

7.1.2.  Connective tissue:

There are many types of connective tissue that hold different parts together and hold them in place. They are adipose tissue, elastic tissue, and fluid tissue (in liquid form).

7.1.3.  Muscle tissue:

Contractile tissues that cause organs to move. Two of these

There are types. They are connective and connective tissue. The connective tissue is the joints

An example is tissue used for movement. Running tissue is self-running. Characteristic. An example is heart tissue. It is self-loading.

7.1.4.Nervous Tissue:

Its job is to transmit emotions and signals for body movements.

8. Body System 

1).  Skeletal system 

2).  Muscles system 

3).  Nervous system

4)   Circulatory system 

5)   Respiratory  system

6)   Digestive  system

7)   Excretory  system