Skeletal System : A skeleton is a framework made of bones in the body.

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Skeletal System:

A skeleton is a framework made of bones in the body. The human skeleton is wonderfully designed to support the body in standing upright and to help the body move easily.

The skeletal system is a critical part of the human body, providing structure, support, protection, and facilitating movement. Here are the key components and functions of the skeletal system:

Components of the Skeletal System

1. Bones: The rigid organs that form the skeleton. There are 206 bones in the adult human body.

2. Cartilage: A flexible, rubbery tissue that cushions bones at joints and helps form certain body parts like the nose and ears.

3. Ligaments: Tough, elastic bands that connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability.

4. Tendons: Tough cords that attach muscles to bones, enabling movement.

Functions of the Skeletal System

1. Support: Provides a framework that supports the body's muscles and organs.

2. Protection: Shields vital organs from injury (e.g., the skull protects the brain, and the rib cage protects the heart and lungs).

3. Movement: Works with the muscular system to enable movement by acting as levers and points of attachment for muscles.

4. Mineral Storage: Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the bloodstream as needed.

5. Blood Cell Production: Contains bone marrow, which produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

6. Energy Storage: Stores fat in yellow bone marrow, which can be used as an energy reserve.

Types of Bones

1. Long Bones: Longer than they are wide, providing strength and mobility (e.g., femur, humerus).

2. Short Bones: Cube-like and provide stability with limited movement (e.g., carpals, tarsals).

3. Flat Bones: Thin and often curved, protecting organs and providing surfaces for muscle attachment (e.g., skull, ribs, sternum).

4. Irregular Bones: Complex shapes that don't fit into other categories (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis).

Bone Structure

1. Compact Bone: Dense and strong, forming the outer layer of bones.

2. Spongy Bone: Porous and lighter, found inside bones and at the ends of long bones.

3. Bone Marrow: Found within bones; red bone marrow produces blood cells, while yellow bone marrow stores fat.

The skeletal system is essential for maintaining overall health and functionality. It provides the foundation for movement, protects vital organs, and plays a significant role in various metabolic processes.

1. Skeleton:

                      A developing human skeleton consists of 206 individual cartilages and muscles.

Parts of the skeleton:

1)  Skull -  8 bones

1Frontal 

2 Parietal 

2 Temporal

1  Occipital

1 Sphenoid

1 Ehmoid

 

2) Face - 14 bones

2 Nasal 

2 Lacrimal 

2 Inn ferior nasal concha

2 Maxilla upper jaw 

1 Mandible lower jaw 

2  Zygomatic bones

2 Palatine 

1 Vomer 

 

3) Spinal cord - 33 bones 

                              Individual bones 

                              7 cervical vertebra 

                              12 thoracic vertebra 

                              5 Lumbar vertebra 

                              5 Sacral vertebra 

                              4 Coceyx vertebra 

4) Chest cavity - 25 bones 

                              12 Pairs of Ribs

                              1 Sternum bones 

5) Arm bones (32 each) - 64 bones 

                             2 Clavicle bones 

                             2 Scapula bones 

                             2 Humerus bones 

                             2 Radius bones  

                             2 Ulna bones 

                             16 Carpal bones 

                             28 Phalanges bones 

                            10 Meta carpal 

6) Leg bones (31 each) - 62 bones 

                             2 Innominate 

                             2 Femur

                             2 Patella 

                             4 Tibia , Fibula 

                            14 Tarsal 

                            10 Meta Tarsal 

                            28 Phalanges  

TOTAL - 206 BONES 

 3. Number of Human Bones :

There are 206 bones in the human body. They consist of 80 bones in the axial frame and 126 bones in the parallelogram frame.

The axial frame consists of 28 cranial bones, 26 bones in the vertebral column, 25 bones in the thorax, and 1 hyoid bone.

However, the vertebral column is considered to be 26 bones as the 5 vertebrae are combined into one bone and the coccyx is combined into 4 bones.

4. Types of Bone :

Bones in the human body are classified into four main types based on their shape and structure:

1. Long Bones:

   • Description: Longer than they are wide, have a cylindrical shape.

   • Examples: Femur (thigh bone), humerus (upper arm bone), tibia (shin bone).

   • Function: Provide strength, structure, and mobility; act as levers to facilitate movement.

2. Short Bones:

   • Description: Approximately equal in length, width, and thickness, cube-like shape.

   • Examples: Carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones).

   • Function: Provide stability and support with limited movement.

3. Flat Bones:

   • Description: Thin, flat, and often curved.

   • Examples: Skull bones (like the frontal and parietal bones), sternum (breastbone), ribs, scapulae (shoulder blades).

   • Function: Protect internal organs and provide surfaces for muscle attachment.

4. Irregular Bones:

   • Description: Complex shapes that do not fit into the other categories.

   • Examples: Vertebrae (spinal bones), mandible (jawbone), pelvis.

   • Function: Protect internal organs and provide points of attachment for muscles.

Each type of bone has a unique shape that suits its specific function in the body, contributing to our ability to move, protect vital organs, and support our structure.

 5.Functions of Bones:

Bones are essential structures in the human body that perform a variety of crucial functions. Here are some of the main functions of bones:

1. Support: Bones provide a framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs. For example, the bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body when standing.

2. Protection: Bones protect the body's internal organs. For instance, the skull encloses the brain, and the rib cage shields the heart and lungs.

3. Movement: Bones serve as levers to which muscles are attached. This interaction between bones and muscles enables movement. When muscles contract, they pull on bones, producing movement at joints.

4. Mineral Storage: Bones act as reservoirs for minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the bloodstream as needed for various physiological processes.

5. Blood Cell Production: Bones contain bone marrow, which produces blood cells. Red bone marrow, found in the spongy bone, is the primary site of new blood cell production (hematopoiesis).

6. Energy Storage: The yellow bone marrow, found in the medullary cavity of long bones, stores fats that can be used as an energy reserve.

7. Endocrine Function: Bones release osteocalcin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels and fat deposition.

8. Detoxification: Bones can store heavy metals and other foreign substances, removing them from the blood and reducing their harmful effects on other tissues.

Bones play an integral role in maintaining the body's overall function and health, contributing to structural support, protection, movement, and various metabolic processes.

1. Forms and sustains the body

2. Protects internal organs

3. Makes movements with the help of muscles.

5. Establishes the site of blood cell production.

6. Connective Tissues:

Bone is hard and firm. The weight of the skeleton is about one-fifth of the total body weight.